Please remember it can take some time for your bank or credit card company to process and post the refund too. The Wrm ice age can be dated to about 115,000 to 11,700 years ago, but sources differ about the dates. Like most of the other ice ages of the Pleistocene epoch, it is named after a river, in this case the Wrm in Bavaria, a tributary of the Amper. It is the youngest of the major glaciations of the region that extended beyond the Alps themselves. If approved, you’ll be automatically refunded on your original payment method. The Wrm glaciation or Wrm stage, usually referred to in the literature as the Wrm, was the last glacial period in the Alpine region. We will notify you once we’ve received and inspected your return, and let you know if the refund was approved or not. The fastest way to ensure you get what you want is to return the item you have, and once the return is accepted, make a separate purchase for the new item. Unfortunately, we cannot accept returns, exchanges, or process refunds on presale items, sale items, or gift cards. Please get in touch if you have questions or concerns about your specific item. We also do not accept returns for hazardous materials, flammable liquids, or gases. Please inspect your order upon reception and contact us immediately if the item is defective, damaged or if you receive the wrong item, so that we can evaluate the issue and make it right.Ĭertain types of items cannot be returned, like perishable goods (such as food, flowers, or plants), custom products (such as special orders or personalized items), and personal care goods (such as beauty products). You can always contact us for any return question at and issues Items sent back to us without first requesting a return will not be accepted. To start a return, you can contact us at If your return is accepted, we’ll send you a return shipping label, as well as instructions on how and where to send your package. You’ll also need the receipt or proof of purchase. To be eligible for a return, your item must be in the same condition that you received it, unworn or unused, with tags, and in its original packaging. The exception is on preordered items, which are not refundable or returnable. All rights reserved.We have a 30-day return policy, which means you have 30 days after receiving your item to request a return. Again, the correlation between lactate profile and oxidative metabolism was confirmed, pointing to a central role of mitochondria on lactate metabolism.Ĭopyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. Interestingly, this particular metabolic phenotype was also strongly influenced by the medium composition: both cell lines underwent a switch to lactate consumption when cultivated in a second medium, while a third one promoted continuous lactate production even for the parental CHO cells. Indeed, a correlation between high lactate production and a reduced oxidative metabolism was found. Therefore, the mitochondrial membrane potential and oxygen consumption were measured for both cell lines. We speculated that the extra lactate production would be ascribed to a different mitochondrial oxidative capacity in the subclone. After glutamine depletion the situation changed: the parental cell line promptly switched to net lactate consumption, whereas the subclone continued to produce lactate until glucose was depleted as well. The initial lactate production phase, which is typical for fast growing cells, was similar for both cell lines. In this study different lactate profiles were observed in a chemically defined medium for the parental CHO-S cells and a non-recombinant subclone. However, this shift is neither generic nor can it be easily controlled, as the mechanisms modulating lactate production/consumption in cell culture are still under investigation. Such a metabolic shift is desirable because it seems to favor optimal process performance. Typically lactate is strongly produced during the exponential growth phase, while its net consumption is frequently observed when cells enter into the stationary phase. Lactate production is monitored in industrial processes as a crucial metabolite for cultured mammalian cells.
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